Equality and Diversity in Employment

Correspondence and Diversity in Employment Correspondence and Diversity in Employment. (1) In investigation of the ‘Thirst Burst’ contextual analysis there are various issues confronting the organization. To start with, Thirst Burst as an organization, is in a high-constrain setting in attempting to accomplish its vision of turning into the UK’s biggest retail squeeze outlet. This vision makes extraordinary pressure for the upper administration as well as for all workers too. This weight comes from the serious nature expected to accomplish such outcomes alongside the vulnerabilities that are included at whatever point an organization searches to grow. In securing another dispersion plant, Thirst Burst additionally confronted the test of acclimatizing the plant to work under the creation measures and rules of its current plants. Alongside the obtaining of the blocks and concrete, Thirst Burst additionally procured the past workers of this organization. This drove Thirst burst to need to instruct the new workers on how business is taken care of under Thirst Burst and furthermore the representative dynamic of these new workers were not quite the same as the typical cosmetics of Thirst Employees. This caused Thirst Burst to need to change its approaches to oblige the assorted variety of the workers. In endeavors to expand the administrative staff Thirst Burst decided to minimize expenses and advance from inside. In any case, with the changing elements of the Thirst Burst representatives, this is counter gainful in that the incredible arrangement of existing workers fell under the general cosmetics of being white and male. Along these lines deflecting endeavors to broaden all parts of its business.The production of a preparation and improvement program likewise eased back the requirement for decent variety, as it enabled chiefs to select dependent on the direction of, â€Å"ask anybody you view as appropriate and whom you think would fit in.† Since white male generally held administration positions, the enlistment was to a great extent controlled toward that path and furthermore debilitated different gatherings from participating, for instance females. Vulnerabilities in the board prompted high worker turnover rates and even to cases of separation by certain representatives when confronted with tests that were just set in English, a language that was not the employees’ first spoken. Likewise, the recently coordinated workers who were of various racial cosmetics made unrest among existing representatives who asserted that these representatives didn't incorporate with the current representatives. The balance in worker fulfillment was considerably increasingly obvious after the October 2001 food alarm, which caused a decrease in deals alongside the quantity of new position candidates. The food alarm additionally made extraordinary strain inside Thirst Burst, particularly in wellbeing and security techniques. This prompted predisposition and silly choices made by the executives to make a controlled environment among representatives. Anyway the decisions made by the executives were centered more around people than on the whole field of workers and consequently made an extraordinary degree of superfluous hatred among the executives and individual representatives. The unforeseen development that followed drove the board to give this representative incredible admonition about her clothing and when the worker would not notice to these alerts refering to strict conviction and that different workers wore comparative attire that abandoned investigation by the executives. What followed were endeavors to single out this representative for her activity and the board constrained a ring of solidarity upon her, which in the end integrated with her getting sick and drove her to take a case to council guaranteeing segregation. (2) The utilization of a correspondence and assorted variety situated methodology can facilitate a portion of the issues confronting Thirst Burst. In the first place, the more differing an association is encourages its capacity to draw in, hold and augment the use of the individuals from those various foundations. (Hollinshead, Nicholls, Tailby; 1999) Foreign representatives are best comprehended considering a differing association, additionally the different association is best prepared to serve a various outer customer base. Next, inventiveness blossoms with decent variety as a multicultural association shows higher innovativeness and development. Another asset in assorted associations is the capacity to issue explain at a more noteworthy pace of goals, which would have had an alluring impact in quieting the food alarm and the treatment of individual representatives a short time later. Examination shows that such cataclysmic calamities as the Bay of Pigs disaster, the Challenger Explosion, and the My Lai Massacre are for the most part instances of extraordinary results of mindless conformity that happened in exceptionally durable, homogenous gatherings. (Kandola, Fullerton; 1998) For instance the homogenous gathering of white guys that rule the administration positions at Thirst Burst. The advancement of decent variety at Thirst Burst isn't just about managing various races and nationalities cooperating however rather is tied in with celebrating and elevating the distinctions brought to the working environment by every person. This expects associations to adjust to the social contrasts and sociological changes. This conveys two-overlap for an association. It puts an inside need to cause everybody to feel good and esteemed, to where everybody is completely bolstered to contribute and create inside the association. On the opposite side, it is important for the association to adjust to the changing commercial center as assorted variety turns out to be all the more broadly scattered and the homogeneity decreases. (Bingham; 2000) (3) as far as legitimate and moral contemplations Thirst Burst can be confronted with various expected issues. One issue that Thirst Burst may look as a generally prevailing white male work environment as decent variety is coordinated is ethnocentricity. Which causes lion's share bunch individuals to see their own gathering as the privilege and best gathering and to assess the greater parts convictions, practices and qualities as progressively positive and right over those of minorities. Likewise under such factors the minority bunches are progressively inclined to put grumblings and complaints that will require some investment and expenses by the organization to determine and check the efficiency inside the organization. Assorted variety can likewise deliver social conflicts and generalizing among the various gatherings of laborers. A development towards decent variety may conceivably enrapture diverse social gatherings, hurting efficiency, while reproducing pessimism and hatred. Be that as it may if the executives can accurately correspond the diverse working societies the outcome ought to be the upgrade of work connections and work group viability. Notwithstanding, the absence of viable assorted variety the board may have differing difficulties among various workgroups making miscommunications, longer choice occasions, lower part spirit and lower group cohesiveness, which will antagonistically diminish inventiveness, development, and critical thinking. Strife additionally results more much of the time among different gatherings than in homogenous gatherings and when struggle emerges, lion's share bunch individuals see an episode of racioethnic bad form as detached, while minorities see the occasion as a component of an example of persecution that is imbedded in the social framework. (Wirth, 2001) Issues that explicitly impact Thirst Burst are its predominant white male workforce and the issues that involves in taken on a family based Asian organization with an alternate moral cosmetics. Likewise in its enrollment procedure it isn't expanding yet rather selecting from the equivalent homogenous pool that as of now generally makes up the organization. Additionally while advancing administrative staff the choices were left to the chiefs that were at that point set up and research shows that lion's share parties are firmly layered to advance equivalence in the working environment. Thirst Burst additionally should now confront separation suits for being inclined toward specific gatherings and their strict and moral convictions. To a great extent attempting to make a case of the lady wearing the Kara, she cannot and called attention to that numerous different workers wore rings however these representatives were not advised to evacuate their gems and the ladies was moved to the bundling office. This division is incredibly cold and she was the worker required to work there for whole moves. The outcome, the lady tumbled to ailment and was closed down debilitated. (4) The activities and approaches that Thirst Burst should make in setting of fairness and decent variety are as per the following. First Thirst Burst must characterize what is the perspective from the two gatherings. This will take into consideration the ID of what specific practices are making the contention, how each gathering feels about the contention, and what messages are being given. Next Thirst Burst must be chivalrous of the social impacts that are forcing each gathering to act with a particular goal in mind. From this Thirst Burst must assess approaches that will empower the organization to oblige the arrangement of qualities gave by each gathering and not be dissuaded by the arrangement of qualities that are generally present from the larger part gathering. From this Thirst Burst must discover an answer that benefits the two gatherings. This can happen when the organization perceives and acknowledges each side’s social qualities and is happy to investigate various arrangements of goals that will profit all gatherings inside the organization. (Bingham; 2000b.) The objective of Thirst Burst must be to regard individuals as people and not focusing exclusively to the distinctions among the gatherings. The issue with taking note of the distinctions is that to a great extent the gathering in the minority is made to acclimatize into the beliefs of that of the lion's share with not many exemptions. A key factor to advancing decent variety in the workforce is to differentiate upper administration also. Where inclinations hold to retain new individuals and urge them to receive and adjust to the focal culture of upper administration. (Kandola, Fullerton; 1998b.) In all, Thirst Burst must esteem assorted variety by doing whatever it takes not to wipe out social contrasts, for instance noticing to the different strict occasions various gatherings are observer to. (Bingham; 2000c.) Diversity must assume a job in the general key business target of Thirst Burst, where suc

Information and Knowledge Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Data and Knowledge Management - Essay Example Unmistakably the Internet has prompted a total change during the time spent data gathering, age, transmission and furthermore understanding. The change from the utilization of the web as a medium to the utilization of the web as a stage denoted the start of web 2.0 period. The appearance of web 2.0 has significantly affected different levels and zones. It is likewise evident that the current advanced age is turning into a total data based world and organizations, just as people, are required to have solid information and data to have the option to adequately take an interest in the present occasions. All in all, the serious edge of organizations, just as people, is all the more along these lines, on the data and the administration of data than it has ever been previously. Consequently it significant that people and organizations the same utilize the current computerized age as a solid preferred position for data the board. Despite the fact that there can be various difficulties that can be confronted with powerful administration of data, it is urgent that all data and information is made do with care. Organizations with great and all around created information the executives frameworks and exact data the board have end up being progressively fruitful and compelling. Thus unmistakably in spite of the fact that overseeing data in the advanced age is encircled by various difficulties. Alongside the serious increment and improvement in the innovation and the mechanical turn of events, overseeing data has now become a less difficult assignment for most.

What is a Pronoun The 10 Types

What is a Pronoun The 10 Types If you want to become a better writer there are a number of steps you can take like improving your vocabulary. It also helps to have a good grasp of grammar, and what may initially seem to be simple isnt always so. For example, can you guess how many pronouns are in the following sentence? I bought all of these myself, so these are mine; they are my things! If you were able to find seven pronouns, then you found them all. If you found less than seven, you can check the answer by looking at the words below in bold. I bought all of these myself, so these are mine; they are my things! Yes, each word in bold is a pronoun. Remember, a pronouns relates to a noun, and thats why the word noun is inside pronoun. When you dont want to or cant use a noun, you choose a pronoun. Different Types of Pronouns Since English is a complex language, there are different classes of pronouns. The most important ones are personal pronouns. I is the most common example of this. Then there are we, you, he/she, it, they. They refer to humans, or living beings such as animals, so they are personal. I the simplest terms, they deal with persons. Myself can be either an intensive pronoun or a reflexive pronoun. In the sentence above, its intensive because the speaker wants to emphasize that he alone bought the items. And since myself actually refers to I, not a proper noun, you can see that pronouns sometimes refer to other pronouns. In the sentence below, myself is reflexive: I gave myself a good lecture because I was disappointed in my work. The person doing the action and the one receiving the action are the same, so its a reflexive act and a reflexive pronoun. All pronouns that end with self or selves must be either reflexive or intensive, depending on how they are used. Reciprocal pronouns involve actions or feelings that happen between two people. For example: They gave each other Christmas presents. They like one another so much that they are never apart. The two most common ones are, naturally, each other and one another. Possessive pronouns are easy to understand. They show who owns or who has something. My, your, his, her, its, our, their are possessive. Would you say: This is Mandy, David, Sue and Lisas house? No. You would say, This is their house. In this way, possessive pronouns are useful and convenient. Absolute possessive pronouns are similar: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. The difference between the two types is that you cannot use a possessive alone, but you can use absolute possessive alone. 1. The telescope is my property. 2. The telescope is mine. In the first example, a noun must go with my. The second sentence shows that mine doesnt need one. You use a relative pronoun when you want to introduce more information or another idea. The park, which is far from the city, has a zoo with African animals. Here, which is relative. That, who, whom, whose, where are also relative pronouns. When you ask a question, the first word is often an interrogative pronoun. Which horse runs the fastest? How do you wash the dishes so well? As you can see, which is either relative or interrogative. How you use a pronoun can determine what type it is. Another issue that makes pronouns a little more complicated is a word like how. It doesnt refer to any noun. It is used to ask about a way or method or cause. When you read or hear this, that, these, those, you have an example of demonstrative pronouns. They show people exactly what is being talked about. This table is worth thousands, but that one in the corner is worthless. Finally, we have indefinite pronouns. They arent like the other types because they dont refer to any specific person or object. All, some, any, none, no one are examples of this. When you use these pronouns, you are speaking or writing in a general way. These words can refer to many possible people All the people of the world want peace. Some of them love to laugh, but others are very serious. As you can see, answering the question, What is a pronoun? is a lot more complicated than it first appears. This article should have given you a good basic understanding of what a pronoun is, and the different types of pronouns which exist in the English language. (Photo courtesy of Philippe Put)

Animals Humans And Animals - 1724 Words

Animals play an important yet unique role in human culture. We use animals for our own benefit, and sometimes forget that they are also living things. Humans have established themselves as the greater species, therefore placing animals below them, causing us to lose sight of the fact that animals play a vital role in our society. We take advantage of animals and think nothing of it. Understanding this relationship between humans and animals comes from understanding the differences between humans and animals. Throughout this lecture, I will strive to show the differences between humans and animals and the how these differences are apparent in our society. Innately, we recognize the difference between humans and animals, but it can be challenging to clearly define what makes a human a human. This is because there isn’t just one thing, but many, that separates humans from animals, and certain animals from others. In Jacques Derrida’s The Animal That Therefore I Am he uses an instance of a cat staring at him naked to describe the odd relationship between humans and animals. He says that he feels shame for being naked, but the cat doesn’t seem to care. This forces us to rethink our relationship with animals. Why should we feel ashamed to be naked in front of an animal, or anything for that matter? We feel shame for being naked because when we are naked we are too exposed. We need clothing to protect us, not just from the physical world, but from the world being able to see usShow MoreRelatedThe Animal Of Human Animals1424 Words   |  6 Pageswhich animal welfare has been scrutinised in the past years. This mainly h appens due to â€Å"the role humans sentiments (moral and otherwise) play in justifying the judgements that we make about our moral community.† Consequently, the purpose of this essay is to analyse if the moral judgements humans make in respect to other animal species are legitimate and if so, to demonstrate that exploiting non-human animals is entirely natural excepting one case. As this essay is investigating the human-animalRead MoreAnimal Farm : Human Nature in Animals823 Words   |  4 PagesHuman nature in animals. Was this really shown in George Orwell’s ‘Animal Farm’? In fact, there were several messages about human nature reflected in ’Animal Farm’. The messages that were expressed through many different characters and their behaviours, gave an insight into human nature, and showed many characteristics of it. The idea of equality â€Å"all animals are equal† and socialism would make an ideal society. It would be effective on Animal Farm if it were not for the pigs’ hunger for powerRead MoreAnimals And Society : An Introduction To Human Animal Studies907 Words   |  4 PagesScientifically testing an animal is another way people abuse animals. When testing on animals, it causes them harm throughout their life. In the book Titled â€Å"Animals and Society: An introduction to Human-Animal Studies† by Margo DeMello he explains how animals hurt from birth to their last breathe. DeMello says, â€Å"Animals used for medical experiments and product testing live – from birth until death – often painful, lonely lives in small cages† (p. 237). These animals are kept in laboratories to testRead MoreHumans Are The Lowest Animals1480 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2014 ESSAY 1 Humans are trying to live their lives by establishing superiority over the other living species and human kind, too. They may have right when they think that is okay to do. They hunted animals greedly and as Mark Twain mentioned in his essay which is about The Lowest Animal man even said that they were patriots and religious –according to them they were the most one- on the World. However, human kind were wrong that they had misunderstood being the highest animal on the world. TwainRead MoreHuman Use of Animals1316 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Use of Animals: Summary and Critique Charles Hall Ivy Bridge College In his interviews with both The Open University and The Colbert Report, Dr. Peter Singer discusses the unethical human use of animals. Most of his claims are highly controversial and are not taken well by most people. Human Use of Animals: Summary and Critique The use of animals in modern civilization has been a controversial subject for the past few decades. Author and Philosopher Peter Singer has made his standpointRead MoreThe Between Humans And Animals1461 Words   |  6 Pagesves to kill of the unhealthy or weak members. When unnatural predation forced by humans makes way into the picture to simply hang the head of a beautiful, large mammal, it takes the important figures ability away to keep a population strong and protected. Another substantial issue caused by game hunts is when animals approached to be haunted escape, they pose a large threat on the native wildlife in natural ecosystems (Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessary, n.d.). Overall, this â€Å"exotic† pastimeRead MoreThe Domestication Of Animals By Humans884 Words   |  4 Pagesdomestication of animals by humans is an early example of eugenics. Animals were used for hunting, warning system against predators, and overall companionship. (History of Eugenics) H umans at the time wanted a powerful animal, that was able to protect their owner, and help be able to produce food and clothing Obviously a strong animal does not come from handicapped ancestry, rather it comes from a far more adaptive origin. Early day humans exchanged this idea that the fittest animal comes from theRead MoreThe Overpopulation Of Humans And Animals857 Words   |  4 PagesThere are many articles and newspapers about how bad the world is becoming overpopulated. The overpopulation of humans and animals is a constant threat to people way of life on earth. Monbiot states, â€Å"The growth in human numbers, they say, is our foremost environmental threat† (Monbiot 1). Suggestions for extending women’s reproductive choices should be made, and the world population would drop dramatically because of this. George states, â€Å"If this need were answered, the impact of population growthRead MoreHumans Vs. Animals : Humans1099 Words   |  5 PagesVigil, Adri ana Mr. Stevenson English 101 12/17/15 Humans Vs. Animals Humans, we believe to be on top of the Pyramid. The best of the best. Although many of us are connected and view our pets as family, we limit that â€Å"family† to dogs and cats. While at the end of the day, we are still considered their Owners and not vice versa. We tend to forget that animals were here way before us and they managed to survive without humans. What makes us think different as to their survival now, or even ourRead MoreHumans, Animals, And Nature2341 Words   |  10 PagesPY 4647: Humans, Animals, and Nature (Ben Sachs) Thom Almeida (110003776) Word count: 2,216 Introduction Modern technological advances in animal farming coupled with a greater desire for food production have led to increased suffering of animals to suit our own interests. Bernard Rollin has argued that unless this trend is discontinued, which he deems unlikely to happen, genetic engineering of animals is a morally preferable option compared to not intervening at all in order to ameliorate the frustration

Fye Reflection - 827 Words

Over the course of this semester, I have learned a lot about who I am. I have discovered things that I did not know about myself. Choosing Spelman College as an institute to education myself at was only the first step that I took. Overcoming the challenges that it has brought is the second step that I am yet taking. I am slowly, but surely transforming into a Free Thinking Woman. When I reread my first essay, I realized how much I changed. I am still positive that majoring in Economics is the right major for me, but now I want to do more. I still want to work in an office while managing financial records, but now I feel like I have a gift to teach as well. Over the next few years at Spelman, I would love to get certified to teach. I have†¦show more content†¦Being here at Spelman has taught me so much. I am responsible now than I have ever been. I do not have to wait on people to tell me to do anything because I know that I can do it on my own. At first I could only imagine what the future holds for me, but now I can see it because it is getting brighter and brighter. Spelman College is my choice and I will chose to change the world with the education that it has bestowed inShow MoreRelatedStudent Adjustment - A Critical Issue Concerning Student Retention 1771 Words   |  8 Pagesthe First Year Experience (FYE) is critical to retaining students. S ome schools go to great lengths to help their freshman students adjust to being away from home and being a college student. Whether the university chooses to or not the FYE is an important factor in determining the success of a student at that university. While researching the University of South Carolina website, I came across an article titled, â€Å"Adjusting to the first Year of College: A Reflection on the Importance of ParentalRead MoreStri Bhrun Hatya Essay in Marathi4841 Words   |  20 PagesvgwtkHkkjrh; lekt] jkor ifCyds’ku] t;iwj] 200224- eukstdqekj flag Hkkjr esa lkekftd ifjorZu] vtqZu ifCyf’kax gkÃ…l] ubZ fnYyh] 200525- ‘;kekpj.k nqcs Hkkjrh; lekt  ¼vuq-izdk’k ns’kikaMs ½] uW’kuy cqd V ªLV] bafM;k 1994- 9 26- xksfoan xkjs] f’k#HkkÃ… fye;segkjk†V ªkrhy nfyr ‘kks/k vkf.k cks/k] lgk/;;u izdk’ku] eqacbZ] 197327- gseyrk jkbZjdjvLi`’;rk vkf.k dk;nk] bafM;u lsD;qyj lkslk;Vh] iq.ks 197828- xq#ukFk ukMxksaMs Hkkjrh; vkfnoklh] dkWfUVusUVy izdk’ku] fot;kuxj] iq.ks29- ufyuh iaMhrtkfrokn vkfRead MoreMusic : A Powerful Voice1813 Words   |  8 PagesVictoria Jackson 17, Nov 2014 FYE 191 Professor Luke Benton Music: A Powerful Voice It is part of human nature to act out what we have learned and observed. Depending on which influences we have observed, the number of decisions made that derive from one influence are endless. For example, children observe their parents behaviors and actions, and eventually the parents find themselves looking at a reflection. There are several types of idols influencing society as a whole such as: teachersRead More Some Notes Concerning Affections and the Sublime in the Work of Jonathan Edward4475 Words   |  18 PagesHence, the desire to justify, to authenticate, each conversion. For, unless shared through narrative, sublime moments are strictly private affairs. What a community witnesses of an individual’s conversion is always the emotional response through reflection after the event. As witnessed through the anxiety concerning the â€Å"Great Awakening,† such private and intimate moments were considered dangerous. In his â€Å"Faithful Narrative,† Edwards attempts to justify the â€Å"unusual† number of conversions in hisRead MoreEXAM PAPPER2830 Words   |  12 PagesUnderstand how this area of study has developed and how it relates to other areas. Independent learners Engage with new ideas and ways of thinking and critically analyse issues. Seek to extend own knowledge through ongoing research, enquiry and reflection. Find and evaluate information, using a variety of sources and technologies. Acknowledge the work and ideas of others. Problem solvers Take on challenges and opportunities. Apply creative, logical and critical thinking skills to respond effectivelyRead MoreAnalysis of Apple3308 Words   |  14 Pagesincreased possibly due to increased RD costs, in 2007 Apple’s current ratio is increasing. This is a healthy sign for Apple as it is better able to repay its current liabilities without selling its inventories. Trailing P/E (ttm) 18.34 Forward P/E (fye 27-Sep-10) 14.80 RELATIVE VALUATION Apple’s high trailing P/E ratio indicates that investors see potential and have confidence in the stock, thus moving prices higher. However, investors must consider if this high premium (the high stock price) isRead MoreAnalysis of Apple3319 Words   |  14 Pagesincreased possibly due to increased RD costs, in 2007 Apple’s current ratio is increasing. This is a healthy sign for Apple as it is better able to repay its current liabilities without selling its inventories. Trailing P/E (ttm) 18.34 Forward P/E (fye 27-Sep-10) 14.80 RELATIVE VALUATION Apple’s high trailing P/E ratio indicates that investors see potential and have confidence in the stock, thus moving prices higher. However, investors must consider if this high premium (the high stock price) is

Essay about Changing Perspective Creates Awakening

Changing Perspective Creates Awakening Change. It is a concept often discussed as being an inevitable part of human life, something people has experienced numerous of times, and will continue to experience throughout their lives. Change comes in many forms and has a range of effects, which are either negative or positive on those who experience it and respond to it. Change, particularly in relation to the topic  ¡Ã‚ °Changing perspective creates awakening ¡Ã‚ ±, is a view that is repeatedly explored and been written in poem/film by thousands of composers. This is evident in the poems such as  ¡Ã‚ °Sky-High ¡Ã‚ ±,  ¡Ã‚ °Drifters ¡Ã‚ ±,  ¡Ã‚ °No More Boomerang ¡Ã‚ ± as well as movie, Patch Adam. These texts emphasize changes in their lives through the use of various†¦show more content†¦Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ °dry and damp ¡Ã‚ ±, the letter plosive  ¡Ã‚ °d ¡Ã‚ ± highlights the dryness while letter  ¡Ã‚ °s ¡Ã‚ ± in  ¡Ã‚ °smooth, sweat damp ¡Ã‚ ± gives us the smoothness.) and assonance when saying  ¡Ã‚ °Sky-high ¡Ã‚ ± and  ¡Ã‚ °red-berries ¡Ã‚ ±. Personification is also used because the story is told so much from child ¡Ã‚ ¯s perspective. The poem  ¡Ã‚ °Drifters ¡Ã‚ ± written by Bruce Dawe in 1968 conveys the concept of change through language techniques used throughout the text. Dawe uses descriptive language throughout Drifters, providing the reader with a clearer understanding of the idea of change and how it affects the characters in the text. The quote  ¡Ã‚ °the kids will yell  ¡Ã‚ ®Truly? ¡Ã‚ ¯ and get wildly excited for no reason ¡Ã‚ ± provides the reader with a understanding the attitude the children ¡Ã‚ ¯s mother possesses, when children gets excited for no reason, it shows that they do not yet realize that through change they are leaving something behind and do not yet understand what is really happening in their lives. Another quote  ¡Ã‚ °the loaded ute bumps down the drive past the blackberry- canes with their last shriveled fruit ¡Ã‚ ± can be understand as a metaphor. For the life they have left behind nothing and also this quote can also represent the feelings of the mother. It seems she has no interest left in live; she simply does what she is told to do without any passionShow MoreRelated7 Signs You May Be Experiencing a Spiritu al Awakening800 Words   |  4 Pages 7 Signs You May Be Experiencing a Spiritual Awakening The Signs of Spiritual Awakening the Importance of Self-knowledge Metamorphosis. 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The Awakening, writtenRead MoreThe Escape of a Modern Housewife in Kate Chopins The Awakening1335 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent from the other self† (Chopin 67). The Awakening by Kate Chopin is a compelling story of a woman who is awakened from the miserable duties of a housewife and mother to a woman who falls in love and finds herself. This story is not to judge a woman for having an affair with her husband, but it is to make the reader fall in love with this woman named Edna and go with her on her journey of finding herself. Edna is an extraordinary character in The Awakening, and it makes the reader see the basis ofRead MoreJohn Kevin Rudd s Speech : New Ideas And Perspectives1190 Words   |  5 PagesDiscoveries lead to new ideas and perspectives. These can have many unexpected repercussions that alter many aspects of peoples lives. It is for this reason that discoveries, and the changes they may provoke are often confronting, forcing people to question their previous views, and expectations. Discoveries can adjust the ways we can view things in the past, present and future. Kevin Rudd’s Sorry speech confronts Australia with the truth of past wrongdoings that have taken place again st aboriginalsRead MoreThe Awakening By William Shakespeare1743 Words   |  7 PagesIntro: Throughout the Awakening, Edna is able to find some liberation in each of the various places she inhabits, yet it is immediately countered by misery and unfulfillment. This holds true even until the end of the novel when the reader is left with the question of whether Edna has truly found a setting in which she can finally feel whole and be her true self. 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The power of storytelling can create connections between people and allow individuals to find their inner self. This is shown through the short story of ‘Through the tunnel’. Summarily, ‘Through the tunnel’ is a short story written by Doris Lessing about a young English boy who challengesRead MoreF. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pagesre-creates this time period yet criticizes the changes of societal attitudes and its values that occurred, making Fitzgerald the first â€Å"American writer to write seriously about money and the effects of money on character† (Bruccoli). The two main characters, Nick Carraway and Jay Gatsby, both made the decision to reside in New York in hopes of obtaining their own fortune in order to achieve the wealthy, comfortable lifestyle they always desired. However, their growth and change of perspective asRead MoreAmerican History Essay1869 Words   |  8 PagesThe concluding sentiments concern ing the covenant made between God and his people are particularly noteworthy as stated in A Documentary History of Religion in America to 1877. This sermon spoke of the covenant between the God and the Puritans to create a holy community in the New World. Furthermore, it speaks of the consequences in the concluding part of the sermon as follows, But if our heartes shall turne away soe that wee will not obey, but shall be seduced and worshipp other Gods our pleasuresRead MoreImaginative Journeys1188 Words   |  5 PagesInitially, Dorothy longs for a place where she can be freed from the all the struggles of her current life, and the world that she and her companions are taken into, is a world which will aid each and every one of them in a journey of self-discovery and awakening. For each of the characters, their radical transformations are stimulated through the hindrances and limitations faced by the characters within the imaginative journey. The use of colour is important in â €Å"The Wizard of Oz† as it helps to distinguish

Hypercompetition free essay sample

Case Analysis 03: Hyper-Competition: Pepsi Vs Coke Name:Roll No. _________________ Question 1) Based on the Hypercompetition: Pepsi Vs Coke story, Do you agree with Pepsi’s allegations that Coke tried to destroy their business by poaching the executives, independent bottlers, brand ambassadors, distribution partners and institutional clients through unlawful means? Justify your reasons. I agree with the allegations by Pepsi that Coke has tried to destroy their business by poaching the executives, independent bottlers, brand ambassadors, distribution partners and institutional clients through unlawful means. Competition is lawful till the point it carries no malafied intentions to hamper the other competitior’s business. The allegations by Pepsi can be justified by the following points: 1. Coke purposedly targeted the entire sales team of Pepsi to work for Coke with increased salary and emoluments so that they would be lured to breach their contract with Pepsi and join hands with Coke. In this way Coke would be successful in hampering its competitor’s business and get hold of a larger market share by the mean time Pepsi hires a proper sales team in place. We will write a custom essay sample on Hypercompetition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Coke would also have the advantage of knowing Pepsi’s trade secrets and other operational and distribuition data. Coke was so strong in its targeting that they had appointed a person specifically to contact employees and offer them blank cheques to terminate their contract with Pepsi and join Coke. 2. Coke left no stone unturned to give a set back to current position of Pepsi. Coke was successful in influencing the employees of Goa Bottling Private Ltd. to terminate their contract with Goa Bottling and join Coke as there was a switch in franchise of the company from Coke to Pepsi. Then also Coke has eyed the sales team so that it could indirectly slow down Pepsi’s business by destroying its bottler’s sales team. 3. Even till poaching of employees and employees of independent bottlers could be seen as Coke’s intention of improving its own business but then Coke was also successful in inducing the brand ambassador of Pepsi to sign up with Coke. Even Coke approached the music consultant to breach their contract with Pepsi and work with Coke. It was like Coke tried to cut down all branches of Pepsi that would grow towards success. Coke could have gone for any other brand ambassador or sponsor some other event for its marketing, why was it that coke had to take away all that was with Pepsi. It is vey clear that it was all done to destroy Pepsi’s business. Pepsi did also follow up with a written evidence of the matter that Coke had offered one of its distribution partner’s an amount of 25 lakhs plus to fulfil any of their requirements as against breaching of their contarct with Pepsi. This evidence was qiute a strong one to prove Pepsi’s allegations against Coke. Coke has time and again tried to hamper Pepsi’s business directly and indirectly via lawful or unlawful means as its intentions got clarity from the third point as state above. Question 2) If you were the CEO of Pepsi, how you would have responded to the strategies adopted by the powerful competitor like Coke as narrated in the story? Although Coke had adopted strong strategies to hamper the business of Pepsi, yet Pepsi could not just sit back with personnel and financial loss to see Coke building huge empire on the foundation that was primarily built by Pepsi. If I were the CEO of Pepsi, I would have undertaken the following strategies to respond to Coke’s strategies: 1. Coke had hampered Pepsi’s market to a great extent. The situation demanded Pepsi to confront Coke with similar strategies as business cant wait for legal judgement to be passed. ***********

Ballistics Essay Example

Ballistics Essay Paper Ballistics Bullets traveling over two thousand feet per second and having more energy than one normal person can perceive. Can you imagine tracking where, how, when, and what from angle this bullet was shot. Ballistic scientists can. Ballistics is the study of any projectile used as a weapon. This can certainly make or break a case Involving a guru Great ballistic scientists can even provide how far the bullet was shot from before It makes contact with the target. To me this is one of the most Important tools in a case where a firearm is used. The definition of ballistics is very simple, the study of projectiles from a weapon, mainly referring to bullets out of a gun. That Is a dulled down definition. My definition is a little lengthier in depth. Forensic ballistics includes the examination of bullets and firearms in an attempt to identify particular weapons used at any particular time. Guns and bullets leave small signs behind when fired, which professional ballistic scientists can pick apart and define what gun, bullet, energy, and even charge of the casing. This makes ballistic scientist one of the most important keys on a law enforcement agency. We will write a custom essay sample on Ballistics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ballistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ballistics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Pistols and rifles are categorized by what the inside diameter of the barrel measures. This is called caliber. An example would be, a 22 caliber rifle has a much smaller diameter barrel than a . 370 caliber rifle does. In turn, the bullet of a . 22 caliber is going to be considerably smaller than that off . 370 caliber, Pistols are categorized the same way. A . 40 caliber is much smaller than a . 460 caliber. Shotguns, however, are not categorized Like this. Shotguns are categorized by gauge. Unlike the rifle, the smaller the gauge of a rifle the bigger the inside diameter is. Such as, a twelve gauge has a much larger barrel than a twenty-eight gauge. Now that I have explained sizes and categorization to the guns, next Is the operation of the guns. When a gun is fired it takes many parts to make the gun fire and also for the bullet to hit Its target. When you pull the trigger on a gun, the firing pin strikes the bullet to set tot the gunpowder. That leaves a mark on the casing as unique as a fingerprintno two guns strike the bullet in exactly the same way. Furthermore, the barrels of every gun are rifled, which means they contain grooves, wanly Nell ten Dulled spun Ana make It more accurate. In turn, ten Dulled NAS ten marks from the rifling in the barrel, which can be matched up to the weapon that fired it. There is one exception to the rifling in the barrel. That exception is smooth bore shot guns. They are smooth, Just like the name implies. Now to talk about the term most people deem as ballistics, the speed, drop, and energy off bullet. Charge, weight, and muzzle length are three things that affect the speed and drop off bullet. Something most people don?wet know is that a bullet does not shoot straight horizontally. When I bullet is shot it is shot at a raising angle. Which means the bullet breaks the plane of the muzzle once before hitting the target. A . 22 caliber rifle breaks the plane of the muzzle at twenty-five yards, if the rifle is zeroed at 100 yards. Not all rifles cartridges cross at these measurements. That all depends on the weight, charge, and velocity of the bullet. Weight can also be described as knock-down power. A high caliber rifle will shoot heavier bullets and have more knock-down power. The more weight means that there is more kinetic energy. For example, a . 357 caliber rifle shoots a lighter, much faster bullet than that off . 5 caliber. Although the . 57 is faster and more flat shooting, the . 45 caliber has more knock-down power because of the weight of the bullet and the kinetic energy. Although this information is more helpful too hunter, it is useful to any shooter. Charge is described as the amount of black-powder used to fire the bullet. The more the charge, the bigger the bang. Every gun uses black-powder to be fir ed. Black-powder was the first explosive, and used in every gun in the history of fire- arms. From the oldest muskmelons to the most high tech sniper rifles used today. Now that the velocity of the gun is covered, next will be to explain what happens o the bullet once it hits the target. There are many different types of bullets. Such as soft tip, hollow point, and wad cutters. There are also a few types of hollow points. Hollow points are bullets that expand, (or mushroom) once they have impacted the target. These are most common and also the most harmful. Not only do you have a bullet traveling at over 1 500 feet per second, but they also expand and leave gaping entry and exit wounds, and can also leave trace amounts of the bullet inside the target. One type of hollow point is a slow expanding bullet. It works exactly like it is babbled, it is a harder bullet that still expands, but may not fully expand until it is very far into the target. These do a lot of damage, but not as bad as a fast expanding bullet. Fast expanding bullets expand as soon as contact is made with the target and is the most lethal type of bullet. Because they open so quickly you get the mushroom effect completely through the target. Wad cutters are nothing more than a solid piece of lead. They are mainly used for target practice because they are very cheap and do not have the charge nor the velocity of a hunting load. Although they arena t as powerful they are Just as harmful. Since they do not expand they stay a solid completely through the target and also after if there is an exit wound. These are Just as deadly because they can ricochet inside off target such as a human. Wad cutters are used in a lot of gang fights because they will not kill someone, but they will penetrate the skin and once inside the person they will ricochet off of the ribs and sternum, doing much internal damage. On each and every gun manufactured, there is a serial number stamped into it. It Is made Day pressing ten metal so even Day Telling Tontine serial under Trot ten inside, the scientist can still use ultra-sound to find out the serial number. Filing off serial number is a crime in itself and is very common in gangs, drugs, and acts of violence. By acquiring this serial number ballistic scientists can find out the caliber, make, model, store it was sold from, and even the owner. This is a huge factor in ballistic science. If you can place a gun with an owner/operator, as a ballistic scientist you have won half the battle of solving the crime. Ballistic scientists not only work with the operation of the gun, but also the distance and angle the bullet was shot from. For instance, the entry hole on a target well be much smaller than the exit hole because of the expansion of the bullet and the velocity that it exited at. In this case if you can determine and entry and exit wound you can tell what angle the bullet was shot from and determine the vicinity that the shooter was when the bullet was fired from the firearm. Distance is a huge key to figuring out what happened at a crime scene. A bullet fired from point-blank range out to a very close range will leave a black-powder burn on the target. A shot a point-blank range will have a tighter more distinct burn than en of a shot from a further distance. Another determining key to distance is penetration. If a bullet has not completely passed through a victim it could have been fired from a farther distance than what the proprieties of the scene allow. Some of the tests and examinations of ballistics include a few different types of test shooting. The ballistic scientist will test shoot the gun to find out its markings and striations on certain types of bullets to try and match a bullet with a gun and even a gun with an owner. That type of test can obviously only be done if either remains of the bullet or the gun is found. If neither the gun nor bullet is found at the scene the scientist can shoot different types of guns into what is called ballistic gel. This gel is comparable to the skin, muscle, and fat off human. It is a clear gel so you can compare the wound channel of the victim to that of the gel. This is also helpful with studying expansion of a bullet considering the gel is clear. Collecting evidence from a crime scene is very important. You do not want to hurt any evidence that could hinder the case. When collecting evidence such as a gun, never place a pencil inside of the barrel or trigger guard. Not only is that not proper rearm safety it is also harmful to any evidence that is located there. The firearms can be picked up by the textured part of the grip, while of course wearing rubber gloves to leave no extra fingerprints behind. Before picking up the firearm, make sure it is pointing in a safe direction. Most criminals do not unload the firearm before they drop it at a crime scene. Keep notes on the condition of the gun, the location, and time it was found. These call all be key factors in telling when, where, why, and how the victim was shot. If the barrel is damaged in any way, it will affect the outcome of test shooting. The same goes for the firing mechanism. The firearm should be contained in either a large envelope or a paper bag. It should be kept separate from the bullets, casing, or magazine. Putting all of these pieces of evidence in one container can lead to scratching and damaging any piece of evidence. As for collecting the bullet or casing from a scene, you must be very careful and collect it right or it will be no good as evidence. Since casings and bullets are metal, IT tenure Is any metal on metal contact ten specimen can De rule Ana scratches. This is why you would want to collect the evidence by hand with gloves on. Also one thing that most criminals don?wet think about is when you are loading your weapon you are leaving your fingerprints on the casings as you load them into the magazine. This is why casing are very important to any case. You would not want to use metal tweezers. If the bullet is scratched it could lead to false reading in test shooting or examination. Bullets and casings should be placed in a separate small cardboard box or a small envelope at the least. When collecting a magazine you should take the same precautions as you do with the gun, bullets, and casings. The magazine can be a very important part of the rime scene. Let?was possible that the magazine that was left behind could still have cartridges in them that have not been fired. If so that could narrow down the search for the caliber of gun and also the type of ammunition that was shot. Also with finding the magazine you can examine it for fingerprints from when the magazine was loaded and unloaded. With finding such things as the magazine, bullets, and casing you can determine many things such as, position, distance, caliber, gun, and even an escape route if the magazine was dropped. When I had first chosen the topic ballistics I thought I would be more focused on he science part of ballistics. But once I researched and put some of my own knowledge to work I realized that I was more interested in the way guns work and the way bullets travel. Although I don?wet see myself as the laboratory type, if I could only work on firearms cases it would not be that bad of a Job. I know as a student I learned very much in my research of bullets, guns, and ballistics. ?catheter are hundreds of millions of gun owners in this country, and not one of them will have an accident today. The only misuse of guns comes in environments where there are drugs, alcohol, bad parents, and undisciplined children.

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities

Countries With Multiple Capital Cities Twelve countries around the world have multiple capital cities for a variety of reasons. Most split administrative, legislative, and judicial headquarters between two or more cities. Benin Porto-Novo is the official capital of Benin but Cotonou is the seat of government. Bolivia The administrative capital of Bolivia is La Paz while the legislative and judicial (also known as constitutional) capital is Sucre. Cote dIvoire In 1983, President Felix Houphouet-Boigny moved the capital of Cote dIvoire from Abidjan to his hometown of Yamoussoukro. This made the official capital Yamoussoukro but many government offices and embassies (including the United States) remain in Abidjan. Israel In 1950, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem as their capital city. However, all countries (including the United States) maintain their embassies in Tel Aviv-Jaffa, which was Israels capital from 1948 to 1950. Malaysia Malaysia has moved many administrative functions from Kuala Lumpur to a suburb of Kuala Lumpur called Putrajaya. Putrajaya is a new high-technology complex 25 km (15 miles) south of Kuala Lumpur. The Malaysian government has relocated administrative offices and the Prime Ministers official residence. Nonetheless, Kuala Lumpur remains the official capital. Putrajaya is part of a regional Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC). The MSC itself is also home to Kuala Lumpur International Airport and the Petronas Twin Towers. Myanmar On Sunday, November 6, 2005 civil servants and government officials were ordered to move immediately from Rangoon to a new capital, Nay Pyi Taw (also known as Naypyidaw) 200 miles north. While governmental buildings in Nay Pyi Taw had been under construction for more than two years, its construction was not widely publicized. Some report the timing of the move was related to astrological recommendations. The transition to Nay Pyi Taw continues so both Rangoon and Nay Pyi Taw retain capital status. Other names might be seen or used to represent the new capital and nothing is solid as of this writing. Netherlands Though the legal (de jure) capital of the Netherlands is Amsterdam, the actual (de facto) seat of government and residence of the monarchy is The Hague. Nigeria The capital of Nigeria was officially moved from Lagos to Abuja in December 2, 1991 but some offices remain in Lagos. South Africa South Africa is a very interesting situation as it has three capitals. Pretoria is the administrative capital, Cape Town is the legislative capital, and Bloemfontein is the home of the judiciary. Sri Lanka Sri Lanka has moved the legislative capital to Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte, a suburb of the official capital in Colombo. Swaziland Mbabane is the administrative capital and Lobamba is the royal and legislative capital. Tanzania Tanzania officially designated its capital as Dodoma but only the legislature meets there, leaving Dar es Salaam as the de facto capital city.

Construction assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Construction assignment - Essay Example It overlooks the Thames. It lies between the Houses of Parliament and St. Paul`s Cathedral. It is opposite to the Royal Courts of Justice. It is within five minutes walk of the Covent Garden, West End theatres and Trafalgar Square. The building is a 13 storied structure, and has 4 basement levels. The building is made of concrete and inflexible blockwork partitions. The floor to ceiling height is high. Roofs have valley gutters. Iron cramps have been inserted in masonry to bind the blocks together. Bonding timbers have been used in external brick and stone walls. The facade build-up includes glazed infill cladding. There are windows, and the flooring made of wood. The blockwork is inflexible, requiring extensive works. The facade are worn out. The facade are leaky allowing water ingress and air infiltration. VAV dual duct ventilation with open able windows caused high energy consumption. The environmental performance was poor. There are DDA and fire compliance issues. The top three floors were completely gutted. Access for fire escape and fire brigade was poor. Facade, building services and DDA access were not compliant. Major defects have been included in the table below. The occupants gave a negative feedback regarding the internal environment including noise and air pollution. Routine maintenance includes work that has to be carried out at intervals for keeping the building in appropriate condition. There may be requirements for replacement or repairing an item necessitated by natural deterioration of normal wear and tear. According to Chanter and Swallow (2000), routine maintenance is five yearly external decorations and servicing of boilers. According to the Audit Commission, details of maintenance cycles have to be set with a balance between planned and responsive maintenance. The initial focus must be on replacements that could be expected instead of those considered avoidable. The routine replacement items must be identified at the outset

Discussion Board 5-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Board 5-2 - Essay Example Three known forms of managed care that patients or clients have exclusive discretion to choose are Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) and Primary Care Physician. In all the three forms, clients chose from a list doctors desired to manage their health. The chosen doctors then stand the right to make any decision such as to refer a patient to another specialist. Since the given doctor is to deal with the patient directly, they need to understand personal constructs and understanding of the patient. This becomes easier when applying Psychoanalytic Family Therapy (Nichols, 2013). With Psychoanalytic Family Therapy, individual therapists are able to analyze self-psychology of patients to understand the cause and nature of an underlying problem. Despite complexity of the theory, charges for services offered by Psychoanalytic therapists vary with variation in the conduct of the individual therapist. This exonerates simple reasoning that complexi ty of Psychoanalytic Family Therapy makes it expensive than other

My Position in Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Essay Example for Free

My Position in Maslows Hierarchy Of Needs Essay In Maslows hierarchy of needs, I would like to see myself in the fourth level. I must say I am already fulfilled when it comes to physiological, safety, and belongingness needs. As I grow old, I realize my needs and as I become mature I started to aim for satisfaction. I have a very supportive family and I could say that I have gained a lot of friends along my journey whom I can consider as part of my success. I am no longer a child to aim for belongingness nor too old to aim for self actualization, I am still on my quest for achievement and reputation. Even though, I have already finished my college education, I still have a lot of plans for my future. Just like what Marlows say about the â€Å"needs† of a person, esteem needs talks about the pride. I must say I am already in the stage where I am aiming for others recognition and respect. Since I have a strong belief that respect and reputation are gained not only through kindness, I am still planning for more not only to have them but also because those achievements are what I consider as real success in ones life. In my two decades of existence, I have learned to value the achievements that I have gained and aim for more as I grow old. When a person desire for independence and competence, I must say that that is the time when he or she is already satisfied with his or her other needs. That is what I feel for myself right now. I have learned to mingle with different kinds of people for more knowledge, go to different places for adventure, and face adversaries to win every competition. I won a lot of friends but I have also encountered a lot of enemies on my way to what I called success. Maybe because I have been considered as competent and a dreamer, what I already have right now seem not enough for me to be satisfied. I think that is because I am still young to stop and be satisfied for what I have gained in my short journey of life. I also think that being a member of a family of achievers gives me an inspiration to dream more and go further than what I have already accomplished. The prominent people around me give me encouragement to make all my plans reachable. Apparently, my goal in life and my perspective of satisfaction rely heavily on my quest for independence, respect, and reputation. I have realized that I am already satisfied with other needs in life and those things that I want to do today reflect what I want to be in the future.

Free Macbeth Essays: The Role of Guilt :: Macbeth essays

The Role of Guilt in Macbeth Guilt plays a strong role in motivating Macbeth, and causes Lady Macbeth to be driven over the edge of sanity - to her death. Throughout the story, there are many different types of guilty feelings that play a role in Macbeth’s fatal decisions and bring Lady Macbeth to commit suicide. Although there are many instances that show the power guilt has played on the main characters, there are three examples that show this the best. One is, just after the murder of the great King, Duncan. Guilt overcomes Macbeth where he can no longer think straight. A second example is soon after that, where all the guilt Macbeth feels at first, changes into hate after he decides that Banquo must be killed as well. The last example is just about at the end of the play, when we see Lady Macbeth sleepwalking, and then later committing suicide; this all because of the burden of her guilt. All of these examples build the proof that in this play, guilt plays a very large role in the characters’ l ives. It all began really in Act II, Scene II after the murder of Duncan, when Macbeth returns to his room to join his wife. As any person would be, Macbeth is very shaken by his wrong act. Killing a man, not to mention a beloved king is a sin and Macbeth knows it very well! He truly believes he has murdered all innocence, and only worse things will follow. Throughout the scene there are several quotes that show this; " Glamis hath murdered sleep, and therefore Cawdor shall sleep no more: Macbeth shall sleep no more," and " Will all great Neptune’s ocean wash this blood clean from my hand? No; this my hand will rather the multitudinous seas incarnadine, making the green one red." This shows the amount of guilt he felt. He describes this by saying that if he tried to wash his hands in the river, it would turn into the colour of the blood itself. Lady Macbeth attempts to make him stronger, " A little water clears us of this deed: How easy it is then!" But the guilt he feels just does not go away†¦At least for the time being. As soon as Act III is set up, we see Macbeth, Lady Macbeth and Banquo having a nice friendly conversation.

Convenience Store and Causeway Bay Essay

My favourite shopping centre is Times Square. It’s in Causeway Bay. I usually go there with my family on the weekends. I like to go with my family because I like to spend time with them, so we can know each other even better, make our love and care deeper too. Weekends are the best time to go because we don’t have to go to school and neither does our father need to go to work. It has a lot of facilities like a cinema, 4 floors of restaurants and photo sticker machines to remember that beautiful moment!! It also has shops with the newest and trendy brands like clothes, jeans, mobile phones and even toys. The also have some jewellery and bag shops which I like to buy. They have some convenience stores, like 7-eleven and circle k. Where we can find snacks after shopping because you do get tired holding those bags. I usually take the 8P bus because it’s convenient and cheap. They also hold some concerts or parties for special occasions like: Halloween, Christmas or Easter. I think it opens around 8 or 9 in the morning and closes at about 12 or 1 at night. I like it because it’s fun to shop although it could be expensive! Or just come to watch the movies and have dinner with your family or friends. I remember I was around 3 years old when I first went there, because at that time I lived in Causeway Bay, just next to the Times Square!

Architecture and textiles - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 31 Words: 9357 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Reconciliation of Craft in Architecture as Facilitated by Textiles Abstract This dissertation analyses the enduring relationship between architecture and textiles. Using textiles as a facilitator, the wider relationship between craft and architecture will be explored. The link between architecture and textiles harkens back to an age when woven fibers provided the primitive dwelling of man, developed in various forms throughout history. The significance of this relationship will be examined in particular through the views of nineteenth century architect Gottfried Semper and twentieth century textile artist Anni Albers. With technological advancement in the age of industrialisation, the apparent discourse and perceptions of textile use within the realm of architecture is explored. The distinction between textile use in art and architecture leads to the discussion of surface and structure within the built environment. The question as to what extent tactile and textile based materials allow us to humanise our built environment will be examined. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Architecture and textiles" essay for you Create order It could be argued that the development of indigenous design has now caught up with the pace of the twenty-first centurys needs and desire for communication and manufacturing. Architecture has reached a point where the contradiction between structure and ornament is no longer apparent. Ornamentation has now become an option, not just an unnecessary expense. A critical re-examination in attitude to that of the twentieth century ornament is a crime, aided by digitalisation is reviving textiles from its confines in the interior to a more multifunctional and overall structural state. It is arguable that this re-examination in attitude can lead to a reconciliation of craft within architecture. In examining the definition of craft within architecture, this dissertation will explore historical and contemporary aspects of designing and making in the process of creating buildings. The future of textiles in architecture is being pioneered in contemporary design. Particular focus is given to the concepts, forms, patterns, materials, processes, technologies and practices that are being produced with the collaboration of textile architecture. While there is wide recognition for the visual aspect of textile in architecture, new aspects of tactile tectonics, sensuous and soft constructivism are growing acclaim. There is much evidence to suggest that the preoccupation of textile in contemporary design challenges traditional perception and the very structure of architecture itself. The conclusion will argue that by applying the traditional idea of craftsmanship in the knowledge of designing and making as one holistic activity to new developments within textile inspired procedures, craft can be reconciled within architecture, as Seamus Heaney speaks of, two orders of knowledge, the practical and the poetic.[1] This can in turn transform contemporary building processes at a level suitable for todays challenges in society and culture. This raises possibilities of how the concepts of the avant-garde designs of many of todays more innovative architecture can be used and realised in the present state and future of architecture and the city. Key words: textiles, humanise, visual, tactile, conceptual, hybrid, digital augmented-processes, making, craftsmanship History, origin and relationship between textiles and architecture The relationship between textiles and architecture starts with corresponding beginning. Their vast history starts from the role of providing shelter, shade and protection in the building envelope, the skin, originating from crudely stitched animal skins. The history, form and expression of physical woven construction and the use of membranes exist from the light tent structures of human habitation. The significance of the connection between the two disciplines allows and carries complex imprints of geographical, cultural, social and personal influences.'[2] Textiles are a powerful medium, rich with symbolic meaning and aesthetic significance. They remain sources of communication and manifestations of power, fibrous forms consisting in present day fashions, vehicles, interior textiles, communication technologies and cutting-edge architecture'[3]. As people became more settled, and with the erection of more solid dwellings, textile use in architecture became somewhat neglected and confined to the interiors. There is the question of the practicality as to what extent textiles could continue to be used for weather and visual protection after the development of mechanisms and insulation within the built environment. Some traditional textile materials and structure have continued to be used to present day in some parts of the world; examples including coverings over markets and stalls and basic protection such as an umbrella in Nepal as shown below: A review of the work of the nineteenth century German architect and theoretician Gottfried Semper (1803-1879) points to the significance of textiles and architecture. Semper remains certain that the beginning of buildings coincides with the beginning of textiles.[4] Throughout his work, Semper gave emphasis to textiles, offering a western perspective on his interpretations of the origin of architecture. He maintained that textile processes were the principal element, from which the earliest basic structural artefact was that of the knot'[5]. Semper goes as far as to state that architecture originated from the primordial need to distinguish interior and exterior spaces with dividers, fencing made of branches, for example, or hanging tapestries of woven grasses.'[6] Semper showed a high level of understanding of textile arts, its adaptability, transformable state and functional elements, seeking to: Transform raw materials with the appropriate properties into products, whose common features are great pliancy and considerable absolute strength, sometimes serving in threaded and banded forms as bindings and fastenings, sometimes used as pliant surfaces to cover, to hold, to dress, to enclose, and so forth[7] There is much evidence to suggest that textiles share an indissoluble links with architecture, dress and the fabric of society.'[8] Sempers theorys on fabric encompasses his principle of bekelidungsprinzip (dressing), that rather than an abstract skin, the fabric and faade of an architectural space is a functional part of the structure, a tectonic figuration conceived according to the purpose and convenience of the use expected from a building.'[9] His ideas of the relationship between the architectural faade as a dressing and skin refer to how cloth could be used to transform the human figure. However, Semper understood a buildings aesthetic, symbolic and even spiritual significance to reside in its decorative surface.'[10] He believed that over time, memory informed building types, retaining the symbolic forms of their earliest architectural predecessors. He believed the geometric patterns of brick and stone walls were an active memory of the ancient weavings from which they were d erived. [11] This leads us to the perception of tactile and textile qualities within the built environment. Attitudes and perceptions towards tactile and textile use in the built environment The previous chapter emphasises the importance of textile as a structure, distinguisher between the interior and exterior and establishing a sense of place. While he is adamant about the relevance of textiles within architecture, it is arguable that for centuries the value of textiles as a material was reduced to little significance. Furthermore, textiles can be seen to have been largely excluded from use in a majority of architecture theory and production. It could be argued that one aspect of textiles being somewhat dismissed within the realm of architecture is a result of architecture being portrayed as exclusive and elitist. The separation between textiles and architecture can be seen as dating form the Renaissance. There existed prejudicial distinctions between the importance of minor arts such as craft and textiles, and the major arts of architecture. Distinctions as the art critic Barbara Rose states in New York Magazine, 1972, imposed at the end of the Middle Ages when the gu ilds disappeared to be replaced by the Renaissance academies.'[12] While movements such as Art Nouveau and the Arts and Crafts pointed towards architecture that had a direct relationship with arts, the discourse between crafts could be seen to be at its highest point during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with the event of industrialisation and modernism. The modernist purist concept lay in the emphasis on purism and functionalism of the architecture itself. It can be argued that the architectural focus on rationalism began to isolate and neglect the spiritual and humanising qualities of a building. The conflicting aspects between the modern movement and a lack of humanistic architecture can be seen through various sources. Adolf Loos twentieth century manifesto stating the removal of ornamentation is synonymous with the evolution of culture'[13], had a large impact on the development of our built environment. Some feel that this restricted us from: A language in which visual thoughts, worldly ideas, communal ethos, and memories may be directly deposited and communicated within the substance of material objects.[14] While architects such as Le Corbusier clearly expressed their rejection of ornament, believing in that form follows function, contradictions can be clearly seen with his passion and participation in the tapestry revival. Tapestries have proved an impacting force in the discussion of textiles and architecture. While it is arguable that the high period of tapestry of art can be acknowledged to be the medieval era, new developments in the late 1920s, instead of a woven picture on a wall, tapestry became a wall'[15]. He considered them a mural-nomad a portable mural. The addition of hanging woven reliefs after the modernist era can be seen as an attempt to humanise the brutalist architecture of the 70s. [16] A leading figure in avant-garde tapestry is maker Tadek Beutlich, originally from Poland. His work below, Archangel is eight-foot wide, feathers made out of sisal and other fibres, portraying his mastered technique of weaving, braiding, wrapping, plaiting, ravelling and unravelling. His display of enormous weavings and fiber based installations of such scale and tactile nature, bringing into question the industry versus the hand. Some textile arts can be seen as architectural by encompassing the surface they are attached to with such scale and magnitude. Sheila Hicks wall hanging shows how thread begins to take form of a structure, manipulated and composed like a single brick transformed through structural multiplication into a wall'[17]. The French philosopher Claude Levi Strauss goes as far as to comment on Hicks work that: Nothing better than this art could provide altogether the adornment and the antidote for the functional, utilitarian architecture in which we are sentenced to dwell. The Bauhaus school, renowned for its promotion of a new architectural style, was actually founded for the arts and crafts. However emphasis passed to materials and construction in order to meet the social and technological requirements of the twentieth-century architecture and industrial design. Anni Albers is an example of a weaver at the Bauhaus whose tapestries reflect the chance and spirit of the time. It is arguable that as the ethical and intellectual commitments were made and new materials and processes embraced, visceral and emotional aspects diminished. However the Bauhaus remains an important influence in the expression of materials and structure, rediscovering the importance of expressing texture, structure, and broken colour and in finding new aspects of pattern with the vertical-horizontal format of woven cloth'[18]. Through an investigation between the similarities that exist between the art of weaving and the realisation of architecture, it is clear that the concepts overlap. Both of the nineteenth and twentieth century theorists Semper and Anni Albers, expressed how the similarities between architects and weavers go beyond surface appearance. Textiles within a space can affect the atmosphere, light, climate, acoustics and spatial arrangements. It is recognised that quality can be achieved by relating the physical properties of their work with aesthetic implications and the inherent and underlying aspect of structure. Anni Albers reinforces the architects and weavers common interests: Surface quality of material, that is matire, being mainly a quality of appearance, is an aesthetic quality and therefore a medium of the artist; while quality of inner structure is, above all, a matter of function and therefore the concern of the scientist and engineer. Sometimes material surface together with material structure are the main components of a work; in textile works for instance, specifically in weavings or, on another scale, in works of architecture[19] (really interesting but itsnt is also an indictment that we dont accept that surface also requires inherent structure) Albers reinforces the importance of textiles within the future of architecture, stating that similarities between structural principles of weaving and those of architecture textiles, so often no more than an after thought in planning, might take a place again as a contributing thought [20]. Textile revival For the last several decades, expanded by recent technological advances in textiles, the craft of using textiles conceptually and visually has been gaining recognition, reframing its domestic connotations and the confines of the interior. The next generation of textiles is heralded by technological interfaces, programmable surfaces and architectonic capabilities.'[21] A rejection of European modernism and ideas of universality, textiles as a craft is covering new conceptual ground. Textiles is forging an ever closer relationship with architecture, the two disciplines merging with surface and structure. New sources of sustainable materials are providing another aspect into how the human body is experiences and the urban environment built. Computer technology is inviting new relationships between craft and architecture: By exploiting the singular meanings of textile forms, structure, and processes, these textile artists are sometimes placed outside the general art discourse.[22] Textiles can be described as a medium without clear, self-defining boundaries or limitations.[23] Architects and artists from the 1990s have shown increased vigour in unravelling the essential nature of textiles. Having recaptured with the historical importance of textiles, their attention turned to infusing the same level of emphasis into textiles within the built environment. Some have commented on the flexibility and adaptability of the medium, acting as a vacuum sucking up new materials, techniques, and modes of expression. It has changed its form, size, psychology, and philosophical stance.[24] What unifies designers and artists as a driving force in the creative field of surface design is their enthusiasm for the dimensional possibilities inherent in cloth. There is a fascination by some about the idea of cloth holding the memory of action performed on it; It is for each generation to expand the vocabulary of approaches to cloth.[25] This aspect of working with fabric is directed towards the history and memory of fabric, focusing on expressionism; an emotional connection to objects and a tactile spatial awareness. It is arguable that the uniqueness of the craft of textiles in relation to design and architecture lays in the personal input from the individual maker. Critics and scholars have long recognised that the quality of art lies in concept and quality of insight, not in materials and tools. (state diff textile design +art, textile designers that design +someone else manufactures-how fit into argument ? ) Matthew Koumis highlights how the establishment of textiles applied in a space can differ according to Western and Japanese environments. Koumis points out that in the West a basic element in the hanging of tapestries was to decorate walls of brick or stone, modifying and softening the space. However, These walls didnt exist in traditional Japanese homes where structures were supported by wooden beams. Some argue that the fasuma and shoj (made from wood and paper) exhibit textile characteristics and they can take on textile functions, representing a further development of traditional textile membrane materials.[26] While Japanese houses do not have designated purposes, textiles or tactile surfaces can be used to designate the function of the space: Their contents, and especially their design elements, vary according to the use of the room at any one time. Cloth is often involved in bringing about such changes. [27] Ornamentation Decoration has been used throughout time to apply meaning and a sense of belonging in shelters. It could be argued that textiles as a form of decoration plays a vital role in establishing a buildings identity. It can describe the function, visually define the spaces and offer up claims as to a sense of the owner or users personality. While cost factor and lack of funding in public arts can be seen as one element, artistic adornment has now reached a stage, aided by digitalisation, that can now be seen as a viable option and not just an unnecessary expense. There is a hope that this can again restore peoples pride in their environment and a representation of their culture. There is much argument to suggest that the diminished financial support for public art and corporate collections has led to: the convergence of industrial and digital production techniques in textiles capture the essence of labor-intensive hand-craft that is lost or cannot be achieved due to economic conditions and symbolize a contemporary design spirit. [28] A reversal in attitude towards Adolf Loos Ornament is a Crime is taking place. As such, the work of artists, designers and architects are using technological advances that revive ornament and placing them at the forefront of design. Can you give evidence? And refs on this Designers such as Tord Boontje are reviving a new style of ornament taking the intention of pre-modern design and making it new. His investigation into the relationship between materials, structures, and surfaces, fleshing out the relationship between craft, design and technology.[29] Boontje sees design as a way of shaping the future of our world,[30] combining nature and culture, the oldest and latest materials and technologies, forms, functions and colour combinations, and the (most importantly) Be clear about why you are using him as a ref aesthetic of ornament. The computer programmer Andrew Allenson who has collaborated with Boontje, sees a relationship between craft and technology, Architects and designers can get bogged down in professional management and policy. Tord shows you can be more concerned with process and integrity and self-belief. Ive always thought there is a similarity between craft and software. [31] Again be sure what is improatnt about quote and why you need to use it this starts on one track and only comes to the track you want at the end Boontje has taken a new manifestation of function, understanding elements of design from a new point of view and rejoicing in the freedom it has engendered him. Engendered him to what? Like the architect and philospher.Morris (William?), Boontje looks at history and acknowledges a wish for social engagement and the beauty of use based on a response to nature, but Boontje has, as says (date) extended Morriss legacy by achieving globalised industrial production and embracing the latest technology. [32] Fabric is used throughout Boontjes work with technical innovation, laser-cutting and digital printing. Due to the unpredictable nature of fabric with its elasticity and deformational properties, Boontje realises the difficulty in working with fabric. This unpredictability can also be turned to advantage, collaborating with Swiss and Japanese manufacturers to create a clear expression. Textile and paper are filtered throughout his work, multiple layers being manipulated to create soft definitions of space with nature acting as a dominant influence. Boontje emphasises the importance of textiles and its relationship to ourselves and the wider society; For cloth, like the body, is a mediating surface through which we encounter the world. [33] Boontje is also crossing the discipline between textiles into architecture, experimenting in fabric room, as shown below. He states his fascination by the way a draped fabric folds itself in very organic shapes, and realises the insulating properties of the cloth, providing warmth in the winter and coolness in the summer. [34] Explain the relevance of this draw out the argument and does this sit under title digital ornamentation The possibility of craft within textile architecture Link textile + craft. Say textiles craft wider issues of how craft enhance environment. Applicable to textiles craftsmanship. End pt clear argument This dissertation will begin to examine the possibility of craft within textile architecture, first beginning with the definition of craftsmanship within architecture, to theories in relation to making with the hand and how the issue of craft resides with new technological advancement. Finally, I will come to a conclusion as to how the craft of textiles raises new possibilities towards a reconciliation of the traditional meaning of craftsmanship, combined with new methods and material matter through use of digital visualisation and technological manufacturing process. Henry van de Velde, the Belgian architect insisted that crafts were the great creative reservoir for the future. [35] The definition and theories of craftsmanship Historically in the creation of architecture, each form of knowledge was in the making and designing as one holistic activity. The definition of an architect stems from its origins as a chief builder: Etymologically derived from the Latin architectus, itself derived from the Greek arkhitekton (arkhi-, chief + tekton, builder)[36] The skilled craftsmanship of the builder came from the stonemason craft, an imaginative and creative designer on one hand, who was comprehensively and intimately familiar, at the same time, with the means by which his design could be brought to realisation in actual stone and morter.[37] Using tools as extensions of the hand, the chief builder with a high degree of knowledge and skill ensured a synthesis between tool, material, structure and form. Malcolm McCullough (who is he?) defines a tool (When?) as a moving entity whose use is initiated and actively guided by a human being, for whom it acts as an extension, towards a specific purpose. However, he clarifies what influences perceptions of craft in work as the degree of personal participation, more than any degree of independence from machine technology.[38] Craft involves a union of the hand, tool and mind; craftsmanship arising from manual skill, training and experience. Juhani Pallasmaa argues that the skilled practice of a craft involves imagination of the hand. This skilled practice is at its highest art when it is working from existing knowledge, a continuous meeting and joining of the hands of successive generations. This generational knowledge, of knowing how to apply craft, has came from relaying on the traditional cultures daily spheres of work and life were an endless passing of the hand skills and their product on to others. [39] key point here is also succession at its highest art when it is working from existing knowledge generational knowledge/ experience /- better still know how but is that applicable to new craft? ummmmm interesting Show acknowledge pt new craft doesnt have same involvement, good desiner still basic knowledge cloth. May lose out, stil managing There are various viewpoints about the interaction of the bodily action of the hand and the imagination. Pallasmaa argues that: The craftsman needs to develop specific relationships between thought and making, idea and execution, action and matter, learning and performance, self-identity and work, pride and humility. The craftsman need to embody the tool or instrument, internalize the nature of the material and eventually turn him/herself into his/her own product, either material or immaterial. [40] In examining the value of craft inherent in artisanal work and design, it is arguable that a joint effort of manual work and technology can produce a high standard of results. From my travels in India and Nepal it wasnt uncommon to find manual work that is not merely artisanal but in fact comes very close to industrial work. Eg?- Tadao Ando reflects on how the digital age has modified his design process, feeling the brain and hands work together, the hand an extension of the thinking process, however you cannot ignore the creativity that computer technology can bring. While acknowledging the new kind of creativity, he realises the important in being able to move between those different worlds.[41] Issey Miyake is under the opinion that the joint power of technology and manual work enables us to revive the warmth of the human hand. While never forgetting the importance of tradition, Miyakes concept of Making Things involves creating things that make life more agreeable in todays v interestingsociety and less burdensome in tomorrows. He concludes that technology is not the most important thing: it is always our brains, our thoughts, out hands, our bodies which express the most essential things, the foundation of all expression and the emotion they can provide.[42] Indent left 1.27cm It is arguable that a discourse in craft and design can only lead to ultimate failure within architecture and its wider implications. !! in architecture or where? Richard Sennetts the Craftsman shows how historical divisions between craftsman and artist, maker and user, technique and expression, practice and theory leads to a disadvantage for the individual and society as a whole. Sennett realises that a consideration of the past lives of crafts and craftsmen show us ways of working, using tools, acquiring skills and thinking about materials. However he argues for more value to craftsmanship than a mere technical ability, raising ethical questions about the craftsmans stance. This raises the question Does the designing and making in the spirit of the craftsman entail the skilled application of contemporary as well as functional tools? Is this your question or his? Not clear here While Ando uses architecture to reconcile the logic and spirit of new technologies, he realises that peop le always relate to the spirit of the place, or the spirit of the time. We are reminded that our cities themselves are more important than individual reputations and accomplishments. This is emphasized with Aldo Rossis claim that places are stronger than people.[43] legends, rituals and and genetics outlive any building silly Rossi but of course when you are a fascist power/ful structures are naturally more important than human life.- what do you believe in this- will see in conclusion Some have set forward the argument that is the architects role to unite construction, purpose and place. John Tuomey sets a clear demonstration of his desire for: getting feeling that drifting into PLACE may be dissipating argument of dissertation this section is called The possibility of craft within textile architecture- need to stay focused think comment about strategy in Tuomeys quote is useful since its a shift from craft as manual grafting to craft as strategic thinking- very interesting the crafting occurs then within both the process and the product think I might bring this into my next paper- will reference you ORLA for inspiration ! a way of thinking which would provide an integration between construction and the site, a re-casting of the redundant craft condition which by tradition would exploit local materials and harness indigenous skillsembedding an initial sense of strategy which could remain evident in the eventual experience of an actual building.[44] Architecture needs mechanisms that allow it to become connected to culture. Tuomeys greatest insight is to declare we are agents in the continuity of architectural culture. He uses professional knowledge and experience to realise the choices architects face are not the reaction of an individual moment, but the exercise of an established craft in the continuity of time. I agree only 50% with this since I think Architecture has been exclusive and elitist and needs to deconstruct its genealogy at times- again very interesting Architecture can be viewed rationally and historically, its composite nature in structure, function and physical state combined with cultural, political and temporal aspects. Is this a sentence Architecture develops through new innovations connecting these forces, manifesting itself in new aesthetic compositions and affects. The most successful of which provide expressions that are contemporary, yet whose effects are resilient in time. Well said The question remains, will new effects of innovative detailing, experimental use of materials overcome the modernist failure to visually soften or improve with age.[45] As remarked by Alvar Aalto; it is not what a building looks like on the day it is opened but what it is like thirty years later that matters.[46] It is clear that craftsmanship is viewed in its preoccupation of the present, yet depends, as commented by Tony Fretton, on relations between innovation and past events, between individual and collective activity. [47] Architecture has had to adapt to the change caused by the industry and manufacturing, the individual genius, politics and the rhetoric at some level. It could be said in every historical age it is the people who aid change; they develop the analysis and ideal to what architecture should be. This can result in a tyranny as stated by William Curtis(date); Detractors resorted to monolithic caricatures, blaming the mythical modernism for everything from mindless materialism, to the destruction of national identity, to the construction of unbelievable housing schemes.[48] This view is enforced by Alvar Aalto; The architecture revolution, like all revolutions, begins with enthusiasm and ends in some form of Dictatorship.[49] However it is individuals who can also move us on to create statements about the way the world should be, through forms, light, space and material. Think you need to rehease whay you were saying in this section and why as a reader I can get each statement but not the overall argument perhaps some mini conclusion at end of sections or re-statement of argument This again points out, emphasises Review of the development of Contemporary Textile Designs through Architecture Case Studies By the mid-twentieth century, largely influenced by the work of Frei Otto, a pioneer in the creation of tensile fabric structures, new developments began in the area of self-supporting membrane structures. Textile construction began taking on a permanence, as an alternative to classical architecture, which it had never seen before.[50] His design for the Munich Olympic Stadium, set new standards of material performance and aesthetic in textile architecture with tent, net, pneumatic and suspended constructions.[51] Through the use of technological advancement, pneumatic structures, innovative and fluid forms are being developed like never before. In its modern form, architecture shares a common origin with textiles. Intense research and experimentation into material matter has resurrected the importance and relevance of the visual and tactile nature of textiles within architecture. There is much evidence to suggest that after the myriad of developments in digitalisation and fabrication over the last decade we are forced to reconsider the very structure of architecture itself. The most visible form of woven material exists today in tensile membrane structure. Think its more the most commonly used most visible doesnt not necessarily relate to frequent usage. One could say Christoss wrapping of the Reichstag a good reference for you- was highly visible but not common/ frequent The increasing prominence of textiles in architecture can be seen as the result of innovations in materials science and technology. The cutting edge designers of today are engaging with textiles, new techniques, materials and matter. Their work is of such significant and dynamic contribution to the history, theory and practice of architecture that ensures they will be of continuing value in the future. Innovative, contemporary expression of lightweight textile construction as a divider, enclosure and shade provider in a domestic context is Shigeru Bans Curtain-wall house. Uses large curtain as one layer of the exterior building envelope, either inside or outside of a sliding wall. By this strategy, he creates an ephemeral architectural wall-like presence with paradoxical qualities of enclosure and permeability, separation and openness, opacity and movement that connects the interior of the house with the urban exterior through complex, changing experiences of form and space. Design credibility as a construction material to considered a decorative interior element.[52] (can you build in dates into your text ie when was the curtain wall house built?) Not a sentence unquote these ideas The return to craft, `soft forms, feel, showing rather than hiding the human hand is intended to humanise the architecture and imbue it with spiritual quality (E Bruwer, personal communication). Blaisse Amsterdam based designer studio Inside Outside, p268 materials added to architecture imbue the built environment with softness, a sense of movement, colour and tactility. Inside, Outdides implementations have been described as warm, elegant, sensual and female, a direct contrast to descriptions such as static, male and even cold that oftern characterizes contemporary architecture. Introduction into soft forms harmonise architecture ambition to make buildings more fluid, labile and interactive. P269 cloth common denominator for the world. textiles have connected all forms of human experience throughout mankinds shared history, and therefore they have cultural and emotional significance for almost everyone today. Environments create experience, textiles memory and emotion, hand-knotted filtering curtain no woven. Loosely knitted float within warp, breaking idea textiles must be tightly woven. Advances in manufacturing processes of fabrics and the development of new fibers has led to the growth of textiles applied and used within architecture. Along with the existing positive qualities (lightness, low mass, replaceability, aesthetic qualities) these new improvements allow the integration of new features that bring a high potential for sustainable architecture with them. Ref ideas- think this is interesting also how it maps against ideas of temporary or impermanence see Blaisse interview at start of textile and arch book Textiles are transformed into the tectonic through conventional textiles techniques weaving, bundling, interlacing, braiding and knotting this references Sempers discussion about the knot very interesting effectively building structure through softness and flexibility. Fabric-formed environments are fashioning tensile buildings and inflatable pavilions, while the tailoring techniques of braiding, weaving and pleating are building supple skyscrapers and bioclimatic enclosures. [53] Are these all words and are there examples- images? New materials technologies, driven by advances in biotechnology, nanotechnology, electronics, 3-D weaving, biomimetics and shape memory alloys, offer extraordinary properties, enabling faster, lighter, safer, stronger and smarter high-performance technical textiles that are increasingly finding new applications in sectors such as medicine, sports, agriculture, transportation, defence, aerospace and leisure.[54] Are these all words and are there examples- images? The question of craftsmanship with technological advancement In the investigation of the reconciliation of craft within digital design, I started out with philosophical theories. I am now going to examine how previous aspects in architecture are being brought into question in light of new technological developments in the twenty-first century. Ruskins theory was that the hand making of things being of infinite and better quality than the machine: To those that love architecture, the life and the accent of the hand are everything.[55] He felt to the extent that the use of the machine was an architectural deceit. Following a century and a half of industrial modernisation, infrastructure, machines and media that now pervade our world, should the idea of craftsmanship be reviewed and extended in terms of context? Mies Van Der Rohe view is perhaps of more relevance in terms of context. Architecture depends upon its time. It is the crystallization of its inner structure, the slow unfolding of its form. That is the reason why technology and architecture are so closely related. Our real hope is that they will grow together, that some day the one will be the expression of the other. Only then will we have an architecture worthy of its name: architecture as a true symbol of our time.[56] It is arguable that craft within architecture has always developed with technological advances. The industrial revolution extended tools of craft with a mechanised extrusion of mass-produced repetitive units, encouraging efficiency through standardization and repetition. Some felt (can you name them?) these mechanisms were non-expressive and lacked emotion and spirituality. With a high manufacture content, it is arguable a sense of quality had been lost. This quality came from, as stated by Peter Davey: the congruity of scale, texture, proportion and form of most buildings in traditional European villages being derived from native sources.[57] Can temporary development of digitally augmented design transform the modernist mechanised view of architecture? Has the tradition of craftsmanship been replaced in the reality of todays technical world and mechanical production? The perception of craft is being brought into question in todays industry. Can the growing correspondence between digital work and traditional craft be seen through the mergence of computation as a medium, rather than a set of tools? Has the development of indigenous design with the pace of the twenty-first century mean that this is the only way to reinstate it? Your questions are very good but Think we have to find a way to deal conceptually/ structurally with the list of questions making judgments on how they can be introduced as a tool in the dissertation, the numbers acceptable, how they are framed intellectually and presented visually Given this possibility of craft in the digital realm, how do we uphold subjectivity and skill? Has the value and appreciation of craftsmanship been transferred? In regards to the creative process, what mandate do we use to understand skill, talent and insight? Can the intimacy, sensual and tactile connection between the imagination and the object of the design be stimulated through computer-aided design and virtual modeling? How is the close connection between the making of architecture and the close engagement with materiality been challenged? Does digitalisation lead to a detachment and disconnection from the mind and body or become integral in the design process? Through a re-evaluation of the idea of craftsmanship, would the current discourse between the activities of designing and making in the process of creating buildings be improved? Would the application of digitally-augmented processes from conception to realisation in building benefit contemporary and future architectural design and construction industries? Has the intelligence and complexity of a high order of programming able to guide machines in subtle unexpected ways, diminished the crude and mechanical view of repetition of the machine of modernism? Tools and the latest production methods of digital manufacture are beginning to be of interest in the construction industry, generating and re-defining the idea of craftsmanship in contemporary architecture. These intentions for fabrication are allowing for innovative and expressive forms that portray contemporary attitudes to the context. New technology, design and fabrication tools are reaching a critical level of sophistication giving unprecedented spatial freedom and creativity, making production economically viable. We can look to Frank Lloyd Wrights hypothesise that: In the years which have been devoted in my own life to working out in stubborn materials a feeling for the beautiful () a hope has grown stronger with the experience of each year, amounting now to a gradual deepening conviction that in the machine lies the only future of art and craft as I believe a glorious future.[58] Parallel development in design and fabrication technologies are now re-connecting contemporary designers ideas with a closer connection in an ever closer rel than ever before with their material production, prototyping and manufacture. With developments in digital visualization software, it is now possible to develop architecture entirely on the basis of its surface. explain This type of expressive skin form can be generated between the designer and visualisation software. Three-dimensional computer modeling can now steer mass customization processes from CNC milling to laser cutting. However, questions about tradition and craft remain. Is the reclaim of materiality the way to make more humane spaces away from the modernist view? In what way can architects ensure responsibility for the output of what is essentially an industrial design process to ensure a social responsibility towards society? Contemporary digitally augmented design, by example of case study The Swiss firm Gamazio Kohler (do they desribe themselves as architects?) are a contemporary example of digitally augmented design transforming their work. They are exploring the convergence of digital data and physical materiality through the adaptation of mass-customisation technology to the building construction processes. Through this investigation of the interface between architecture, design and construction through digital control and fabrication, they explore how can the physical structure of architecture be transformed? Will the reorganization of digitalisation and material lead to a shift in the expression of architecture? Would not have questions here The firm uses a robotic arm (is that all?) to articulate(comment? the common masonry units that redefine the relationship of space and decoration to modern architecture. (be careful of what your saying, do not make it obscure Digitally rendered image projections (3d deisgns? were translated into the language of digital scripts that would allow the robot to lay each brick within the wall at a unique angle. Their design of Gantenbein Winery has an ambiguity, bearing a structural idiom and ornamental symbolism that gives the apparently simple brick wall unexpected depth. The desired three-dimensional graphic effect on the planar surface of the entire faade created a numbered of layered effects. Perhaps something about length of time in production? It has an obvious association with weaving patterns, having a textile like quality that appears woven or soft while clearly stating their structural function and machined precision. Gramazio Kohler declare the fundamentals of their work as: The physicality of architecture is a prerequisite of architecture and digital design tools are a given of architectural design. The challenge must hence be to develop new methods of working as an architect.[59] They portray a synthesis of design conception and realisation by having a role in the form generation and direct translation to fabrication techniques with creative, aesthetic and formal aims. This ability of exerting a higher level of control over the design opens up new possibilities for highly complex creativity and allowing architects to re-establish a relevant position in the building process. It could be argued that architecture as a genre has alienated itself form the other arts to such an extent that it has forgotten how much humanizing elements can affect the user. Tactility in the built environment In attempting to establish the identity of contemporary textile craft and its relation to the built environment, it is interesting to look at the thirteenth Lausanne Biennale (date) , when the theme was Textiles Return to the Wall. Rather than making tapestries in the form of wall hangings, some of the artists actually built walls by piling up layers of cloth, highlighting the Japanese textile artists relationship with the space, place and environment in which their fibreforms are created.[60] See also use of carpet tiles in rural studio very tactile Curator Lesley Millar explains a variety of venues are host to a remarkable traveling exhibition, her task was to find: Spaces which could exploit the architectonic nature of the exhibition and if possible create a symbiosis between distinctive architecture and the three dimensional qualities of this work thus creating an exciting and demanding interaction of texture and space. The link between art, design and architecture is apparent in the ambition of the artists to create an understanding of space, light, texture and materials. We can look (again) to Japanese traditional buildings, of paper and wood sliding screens, the tatami mats and structure of the building to see where their interest in textile arts within architecture originates. Their innovative approach arises from a rigorous understanding of process and material, their mastery of skills coming from a lifetime of developing knowledge. The image below by Shigeo Kubota (date) uses basic materials and techniques of sisal and weft to create complex three-dimensional structure. Fabric techniques, of course, are usually slow in execution .not always non wovens or sheet / extruded fabrics are fast in fabrication- think you may be talking about wovens or constructed but think this para is more about skill development and that is associated with crafting / focusing on a limited range of techniques (unlike architects who often play around with any range of materials ) Skill and development of form are perfected in the process; so it is the perception of the maker. The writer and curator Ann Bathelder states how: East European weavers I knew in the 60s were willing to spend 20 years developing a technique, then a year on a single piece. This gave their work great quality.[61] Innovative experimentation challenging the perceived perception of traditional materials concrete and textiles has accumulated in a collaboration between a textile artist Trish Belford and an architect Ruth Morrow. Girli Concrete is the product of a conceptually utopian challenge of bringing together hard and soft materials; and the technologies of two diverse but traditional Northern Irish industries: construction and textiles.[62] Girli Concrete is more than just decoration and aesthetics, drawing on the experience of the textile artist and the academia of the architect; on local tradition of material and contemporary technologies, with a firm aim to mainstream tactility in the built environment.[63]. While it has taken four years to master their technique of embedding, building, stitching and weaving textiles into concrete mould, their practice-led research will continue to develop and refine their process, recognising it as a larger and systematic interaction between textiles and construction. [64] Future possibilities of Textiles in Architecture This dissertation has outlined the potential of the development of architecture through the use of textile qualities. However the full potential of this combination has yet to be reached as a lack of research and interdisciplinary teaching is evident although it is encouraged in other academic fields. Architects pre-occupation of treating aspects of their design in their own field and in isolation without regard for other disciplines will undoubtedly prove a disadvantage at present and in years to come. If humanity is to benefit from their built environment, surely this can only be done with an integration of all aspects of design to further enhance a sense of place. The visual environment has as much to offer socially to a society as aesthetically. It is arguable that the integration of textiles in the built environment can help guide urban environment perception back from an alienating, hostile and dehumanising image. Further research into the field exploring the two disciplines of architecture and textiles might investigate some further issues that need resolved. Certain questions are raised as to the extent the performance of a composite material system consisting of new types of fabric can be transformed into an urban scale. The issue of pattern through hybrid materials, different textile techniques and maintaining the high tactile nature of textiles are there to be developed. Other questions remain such as the permanence and extent of textile use in exterior, decay, elasticity, membrane structure, protective and outer layers. It is hoped that the resultant material might meet sustainability demands, using traditional or regional materials. Todays society is faced with the unique opportunity to investigate and develop these issues further. There are further possibilities that innovative use of textiles will grow far beyond decorative application to space to an integrated part of the construction process. There is evidence to suggest that the use of malleable materials can be exploited to produce new forms of design adaptability to different and changing functions, complexity and responsiveness.'[65] In order to achieve affordable and attainable shelter, mass production is suggested by the economic conditions and reduction of error. However we must take advantage of the same technology that is offering a reconciliation of the hand made craft with the factory made approach. [66] Textiles has much to offer by: allowing the poetic and the meangingful mark of the self, can bring back tactile sensation that seems to be missing in our physical environments, expressing the recent resurgence of a new sense of ornament in built spaces. [67] Changes in economics, society and culture have contributed to the demand for digitally augmented design. New conditions in architecture with faster design cycles imposes the need and desire for a faster, lighter, smarter, more transportable, easily de/reconstructed and technologically facilitated architecture'[68]. These allow architecture to move on to: more effectively express and assimilate the celebrating changes in lifestyle, identity and economics that the contemporary globalised world demands, faster.[69] To summarise, with the pace of technological innovation tools have now developed, from the first traces of dwelling made from the hand and sharpened rocks, into mechanisms allowing designers to create impossibly complex three-dimensional forms and spaces. After an age of mass-production we are now entering early stages of mass-customisation. Previously used for product manufacture, processes such as CNC milling, waterjet and laser cutting are now entering the realm of architecture. These processes are making significant impact within the construction process and allowing for the return of ornament within our built environment. Levels of precision and intricacy can now be reached within architecture, translating textile tectonics and techniques into built form and fuelling utopian and futuristic representations of architecture. [70] As Mark Garcia comments this is of interest to the designers and researchers today, and those of the future, raising: Aesthetic, social and cultural issues that provoke more complex, sophisticated critiques and discourses within architecture, unencumbered by the problematic need of the clients and material and financial restraint. [71] Conclusion The intersection emerging throughout history between textiles and architecture is now coming together with the avant-garde designs of todays more innovative architecture. New developments are of such significant and original contributions to the theory, history and practice of textile use in architecture that they will be of continuing value in the future. Design projects and research demonstrate the technical depth of todays exploration into the complex, machine-based condition of architectural design as well as fabrication. Industrialisation of not only standardised building components, materials and elements, but the design tools and technologies architects are now used in customising these materials. They provide a new aspect into how craftsmanship is understood, experienced and integrated into working methods of the architect. This dissertation makes the case that the two previous separate realms of design and production are now connected in entirely new and innovative ways, leading to a transformation in the current model that we accept as the traditional craftsman. By a re-engagement with the idea of craftsmanship, architects are in a position to yet again re-affirm themselves at the center of the construction industry. This re-engagement involves an awareness of traditional methods, while using newly developed skills in the manufacture process. Given the innovative, sensuous and tactile examples produced by new digitalisation and manufacturing technologies, facilitated by a craftsmans tactic knowledge of making, former historical distinctions between the machine and hand-produced stages in architectural are beginning to dissolve. Seamus Heaney makes the point that a reconciliation of two orders of knowledge, the practical and the poetic, can resolve conflict within our individual selves. It is evident that by reaffirming the importance of textiles within architecture, both conceptually and visually, that implications for innovative new possibilities beneficial to architecture and the city are endless. 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